Control of Sawtoothed Grain Beetles (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Stored Oats by Using an Entomopathogenic Fungus in Conjunction with Seed Resistance

We tested the hypothesis that the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana would be more efficacious on oat cultivars that prolonged the immature developmental period of sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), a storage pest. However, percentage of reduction in progeny production was similar on whole \u27Don\u27 and \u27Paul\u27 oats treated with fungus, even though immature developmental time was longer on whole \u27Don\u27 than on \u27Paul\u27 oats. In our initial test at 10 mg of conidia per kilogram of oats, the number of beetle progeny produced was reduced by 38-67% in whole oats, and there was no effect of the fungus on insects developing on cracked oats. Therefore, we conducted two dose-response studies that showed that adding 150 mg of conidia per kilogram to cracked or whole \u27Paul\u27 oats resulted in a 70 and 98% reduction, respectively, in number of progeny produced. No further reduction was obtained by adding 200 mg of conidia per kilogram of cracked or whole \u27Paul\u27 oats. Presence of the fungus did not affect developmental time in any of our tests. A previous study showed that cleaned oats should limit insect population growth to allow long-term storage of oats without insect damage. However, the current study shows that if the oats are not cleaned, and not cleaning oats is the normal storage practice, then B. bassiana could be used to help control sawtoothed grain beetles

Theoretical and practical geological remote sensing in an arid environment : Landsat MSS imagery of the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia

Two adjacent Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes have been digitally processed and enhanced to maximise the display of geological information contained within imagery covering the western portion of the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia. Structural information has been obtained from the spatial component of image information through the compilation of lineament maps. Linear features have been objectively enhanced through the generation of the first principal component image and by convolution filtering. By means of visual interpretation, linear features have then been mapped, then digitised and subjected to computer analysis to establish any orientation trends. Positive topographic lineaments, which represent the Etendeka regional dolerite dyke swarm (130-120 Ma), show a strong north-northeast trend and are closely associated with the splitting of Gondwana and the formation of the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Negative topographic lineaments are believed to represent sinistral strike-slip faults and show a strong northwest trend. They are believed to have formed under brittle conditions at the end of the Damaran Orogen. Tonal lineaments, caused by linear lithological horizons, either side of parallel fold axes, show a dominant northeast trend, and are believed to have formed during either compressional or extensional conditions during the main Damaran deformation event. A number of regional photolineaments are also recognisable from the Landsat imagery. A remotely-sensed geology map has also been produced using both the spatial and spectral components of image information. Mappable lithological units have been established in a previously mapped test area, and these units have been extrapolated further afield to produce a regional geology map of the western portion of the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen. Comparison with published geology maps of the same area shows that the procedure proves generally effective and new outcrops of basement rocks have been recognised in the area to the west of the Namibfontein Dome. However, the limited spectral resolution of the imagery is high-lighted by the inability to resolve between the Rossing, Chuos and Karibib Formations. The study area proves to be well-suited to geological remote sensing using Landsat MSS imagery because of the excellent rock exposure in the region, the lack of vegetation, and the wide variety of lithologies which appear spectrally distinct from one another on digitally-enhanced imagery. The procedure provides a low-cost, effective means of geological reconnaissance which is well-suited to remote and inaccessible areas

LOCOMOOR : a LOw-COst MOORing for the measurement of internal solitary waves

Presented at the ONR/MTS Buoy Workshop, May 9-11, 2000, Clark Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MAIn order to supplement the ASIAEX field effort to measure the temporal and spatial structure of the internal solitary wave field in relationship to acoustic propagation and scattering studies, an array of low-cost temperature moorings (LOCOMOOR) has been developed. The basic concept is to provide spatial coverage as opposed to dense vertical resolution in temperature. Three temperature sensors on each mooring will adequately measure the time of passage of the internal solitary waves. A horizontal array of 20 of these moorings deployed for about three weeks will allow the internal solitary wave front geometry (curvature) and velocity to be measured as they propagate through the experiment region. The arrival time of each pulse within the packet of internal waves will be easily resolved, but the wave amplitude less exactly estimated. However, the amplitude will be very well measured by the velocity and density observations on the more heavily instrumented environmental moorings associated with the acoustic experiment

Outcomes After Rib Fracture in Elderly Patient Due To Blunt Trauma At Doctors Renaissance Hospital

Background: Blunt trauma remains the most common traumatic reason for presentation at a hospital. Despite their frequency, there remains high morbidity and mortality. This is particularly true amongst the elderly. About 16.5 percent of the American population was 65 years old or over in 2019. This number is projected to reach 22 percent in 2050. Some clinical guidelines requiring admission to an intensive care setting in trauma centers for elderly patients with two or more rib fractures have been adopted by some trauma centers. Usage of these guidelines may lead to significant decreases in hospital stats, ICU stats, and use of mechanical ventilation. However, the effectiveness of these guidelines has not been validated across different institutions. Hence, in our study we sought to determine the mortality rate of elderly patients with ribs fracture compared to patients \u3c 65 years of age at Doctor Renaissance Hospital (Level I trauma center). We also investigated the relationship between the side of injury, the need for mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and overall length of hospital stay. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study involving all blunt trauma patients between 18 – 100 years with rib fractures, excluding those with major vascular injuries or those needing emergent surgery due to other injuries. Patients admitted to Doctor renaissance Hospital (Level I trauma) between 2017 – 2020 were divided into two groups. The experimental group consisted of 58 patients aged 65 years or older. The control group was made of 75 patients aged \u3c 65 years old admitted during the same time. (table 1) Outcomes parameters included pulmonary complications (such as pneumonia or respiratory failure), number of ventilator days, intensive care unit length and hospital stay, disposition, and mortality. Results: In the experimental group, 58 patients were identified. These patients were divided into four groups: those with right-sided rib fractures, left-sided rib fractures, and unspecified and bilateral rib fractures. The overall mortality was 1.72 % compared to 4 % in the control group (p \u3c 0.05). Patients with right-sided rib fractures had a median hospital length of stay of 4 days vs. 6 days in the control group (p \u3c 0.05) (figure 2). We found no difference in the number of days spent in ICU between the control and experimental group with right-sided rib fractures. Patients with left-sided rib fractures had a similar median hospital length of stay compared to the control group. We noted no difference between the number of days spent in the ICU or ventilator days between these patients (figure 2). Furthermore, patients with bilateral rib fractures had a median hospital stay of 8 days compared to 13 days in the control group (p \u3c 0.05) (figure 2). Also, patients in the control group with bilateral rib fractures had a median ICU stay of 3 days and median ventilator use of 2 days compared to 0 days (p \u3c 0.05) in the experimental group (table 2). Lastly, patients 65 and older with unspecified multiple rib fractures had a median length of stay of 3.5 days compared to 1.5 days in the control group (p \u3c 0.05). The median length of stay in ICU and ventilator use was 1 day longer in the control group than the experimental group. Conclusion: Elderly patients with more than 2 rib fractures admitted at Doctor hospital renaissance between 2017-2020 had better outcomes than patients younger than 65 admitted during the same period

SecNav / CBLAST 2002 field experiment deployment / recovery cruises and data report, F/V Nobska, June 19-20, 2002, F/V Nobska, September 4 and 9, 2002, mooring data, June 19 - September 9, 2002

During the summer of 2002, six surface moorings and one subsurface mooring were deployed south of Martha's Vineyard, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The moorings were deployed from June to September 2002 to collect meteorological and oceanographic data. This was done both to support the Coupled Boundary Layered Air-Sea Transfer Low wind (CBLAST-Low) cooperative experiment and to address the question of regional predictability in the littoral regime under research supported by a Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Chair. The aim was to capture the mesoscale development and response of inner shelf waters to local synoptic atmospheric, tidal and larger scale oceanic forcing under predominantly low wind conditions. This report covers the operational aspects of the 2002 experiment, including deployment, recovery, and mooring setups, as well as basic data returns.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Numbers N00014-01-1-0029 and N00014-99-1-0090

CBLAST-Low 2001 pilot study mooring deployment cruise and data report ; FV Nobska, June 4 to August 17, 2001

During the summer of 2001, several moorings and cruises were used as part of the CBLAST-Low (Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer under low wind conditions) pilot experiment in the North Atlantic, south of Martha’s Vineyard Island, MA, USA. Six subsurface tide gauges were deployed around the study site for a period of approximately 3 months during the summer of 2001. Further, two surface buoys equipped with meteorological instrumentation and subsurface arrays that measured temperature, conductivity and velocity were deployed during the months of July and August 2001. For a short intensive operating period during July 2001, a newly manufactured three-dimensional mooring designed to sample three-dimensional properties of the upper ocean was deployed for a period of 6 days. During the Intensive Operating Period (IOP) along-shelf and across-shelf conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sections were completed as well as a drifting array designed to passively collect data from the upper water column released for approximately 24 hours. This report describes the instrumentation and type of moorings deployed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Upper Ocean Processes (WHOI UOP) group as well as data return and quality from the CBLAST-Low 2001 pilot study. This is summarized in graphical and tabular form in this report.Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-01-1-0029 and from the Secretary of the Navy / CNO Chair Grant No. N00014-99-1-0090

A compact coastal ocean observing system for Kernel Blitz 2001

In this report we describe a compact, easily deployed, moored system for oceanographic and meteorological observations in the coastal ocean. The system consists of a surface and subsurface mooring pair deployed adjacent to one another. Compared to a single catenary surface mooring, this arrangement allows the entire water column to be instrumented. All of the instruments in the system log high resolution time series data. Additionally, the mooring line instruments periodically report averaged data to the buoys via inductive modems. On the subsurface mooring, this averaged data is sent to the surface buoy using an acoustic modem. Inductively coupled mooring line instrumentation includes conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors, acoustic current meters, and optical backscattering and absorption sensors. In addition to mooring line instruments, the surface buoy collects averaged data from meteorological sensors, including wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, relative humidity, air temperature, precipitation, longwave and shortwave radiation, sea surface temperature and conductivity, and wave height and period. Data from both mooring lines and from the surface meteorological sensors is telemetered to shore via line-of-sight radio and satellite. The entire system, including buoys, moorings, instruments, launch and recovery gear, telemetry receive, and data processing facilities can be packed into a single 20 foot shipping container. The system was successfully deployed to provide environmental monitoring for Kernel Blitz 2001, a US Navy fleet exercise off southern California. Results from the deployment are presented.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Number N000149910090

Expenditure and resource utilisation for cervical screening in Australia

BACKGROUND The National Cervical Screening Program in Australia currently recommends that women aged 18-69 years are screened with conventional cytology every 2 years. Publicly funded HPV vaccination was introduced in 2007, and partly as a consequence, a renewal of the screening program that includes a review of screening recommendations has recently been announced. This study aimed to provide a baseline for such a review by quantifying screening program resource utilisation and costs in 2010. METHODS A detailed model of current cervical screening practice in Australia was constructed and we used data from the Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry to model age-specific compliance with screening and follow-up. We applied model-derived rate estimates to the 2010 Australian female population to calculate costs and numbers of colposcopies, biopsies, treatments for precancer and cervical cancers in that year, assuming that the numbers of these procedures were not yet substantially impacted by vaccination. RESULTS The total cost of the screening program in 2010 (excluding administrative program overheads) was estimated to be A$194.8M. We estimated that a total of 1.7 million primary screening smears costing$96.7M were conducted, a further 188,900 smears costing $10.9M were conducted to follow-up low grade abnormalities, 70,900 colposcopy and 34,100 histological evaluations together costing$21.2M were conducted, and about 18,900 treatments for precancerous lesions were performed (including retreatments), associated with a cost of $45.5M for treatment and post-treatment follow-up. We also estimated that$20.5M was spent on work-up and treatment for approximately 761 women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer. Overall, an estimated $23 was spent in 2010 for each adult woman in Australia on cervical screening program-related activities. CONCLUSIONS Approximately half of the total cost of the screening program is spent on delivery of primary screening tests; but the introduction of HPV vaccination, new technologies, increasing the interval and changing the age range of screening is expected to have a substantial impact on this expenditure, as well as having some impact on follow-up and management costs. These estimates provide a benchmark for future assessment of the impact of changes to screening program recommendations to the costs of cervical screening in Australia

A surface mooring for air–sea interaction research in the Gulf Stream. Part I : mooring design and instrumentation

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29 (2012): 1363–1376, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00060.1.The design of a surface mooring for deployment in the Gulf Stream in the Mid-Atlantic Bight is described. The authors' goals were to observe the surface meteorology; upper-ocean variability; and air–sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum in and near the Gulf Stream during two successive 1-yr deployments. Of particular interest was quantifying these air–sea fluxes during wintertime events that carry cold, dry air from the land over the Gulf Stream. Historical current data and information about the surface waves were used to guide the design of the surface mooring. The surface buoy provided the platform for both bulk meteorological sensors and a direct covariance flux system. Redundancy in the meteorological sensors proved to be a largely successful strategy to obtain complete time series. Oceanographic instrumentation was limited in size by considerations of drag; and two current meters, three temperature–salinity recorders, and 15 temperature recorders were deployed. Deployment from a single-screw vessel in the Gulf Stream required a controlled-drift stern first over the anchor sites. The first deployment lasted the planned full year. The second deployment ended after 3 months when the mooring was cut by unknown means at a depth of about 3000 m. The mooring was at times in the core of the Gulf Stream, and a peak surface current of over 2.7 m s−1 was observed. The 15-month records of surface meteorology and air–sea fluxes captured the seasonal variability as well as several cold-air outbreaks; the peak observed heat loss was in excess of 1400 W m−2.This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE04-24536 as part of the CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE). The Vetlesen Foundation is also acknowledged for the early support of SB.2013-03-0

U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank long-term moored program : part 1 - mooring configuration

As part of the U.S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank program, moorings were deployed on Georges Bank as part of the broad-scale survey component to help measure the temporal variability of both physical and biological characteristics on the Bank. The array consisted of a primary mooring site on the Southern Flank which was maintained for the full 5-year duration of the field program, plus secondary moorings, with fewer sensors and of shorter duration, in the well-mixed water on the Crest and in the cod/haddock spawning region on the Northeast Peak. Temperature and conductivity (salinity) were measured at 5-m intervals, ADCP velocity profiles were obtained with 1-m vertical resolution, and bio-optical packages (measuring fluorescence, optical transmission and photosynthetically active radiation) were deployed at 10-m and 40-m depths. Bottom pressure was measured at the Southern Flank site. The buoy design, sensors and mooring configuration is presented and discussed below, and the data obtained is presented and discussed in an accompanying reports “U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Long-Term Moored Program: Part 2 – Yearly Data Summary and Report,” and “U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Long-Term Moored Program: Part 3 – Data Summary.”Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers OCE-93-13670, OCE-96-32348, OCE98-06379, OCE-98-06445 and OCE-02-27679